Facts of Pakistan by Syeda Taqdees Abbas

  NAWAZ SHAREEF (1990-1993)     Explain about the policies adopted by Main Nawaz Sharif  for the social political economic and cultural development of the country also mention abo ut the reasons of dismissal of Nawaz Sharif government by president is Ishaq Khan    Nawaz Sharif belonged to one of the richest Industrialist family which always affected his preference and policies. As a prime minister of the country his focus was for mostly related to the reduction in the unemployment, modernization of industries, conducting workshops for development of manpower, privatization, and increase in the shipping industry, Airlines and telecommunication development. Electric Supply to an industrial zones establishment of Power projects at Gawader and providing low interest loans to the young man of Pakistan.        He also introduced motorway project for the building of fast transport system all over Pakistan. It e...

  Benazir Bhutto's Policies and Dismissal 1993 - 1996   Q. Explain how successful were the policies of public welfare and reasons of dismissal of Benazir Bhutto in 1993 to 1996    In 1993 elections Pakistan people party could form their second government under the partnership of Benazir Bhutto this time also in the government PPP had less seats in the parliament so they had to form a collision government with the help of other political parties. This time Farooq Ahmed Laghari was declared as President of Pakistan with unlimited powers of dismissal of parliament. Even if he had promised to end the Eighth amendment and restore the power of Prime Minister and parliament according to the original constitution but he did not do so after gaining the seat of president.  Click Here                      Benazir Policies focused on the social services Women rights and ...

  Gandhi Jinnah Talks 1944 Q: Why were Gandhi Jinnah talks 1944 failed and why was this event important for   the establishment of Pakistan? A:      Gandhi Jinnah talks were held on the request of Gandhi in 1944 to discuss about cooperation between Hindus and Muslims at the point of establishment of Indian’s government when British were leaving India. He wanted to establish self rule of Indians without any division in the form of Pakistan and India but just as Hindu majority and Muslim majority provinces under one central government. This idea was not acceptable for Muslim league and Quaid. Muslims had not forgotten Band-e-Matram, bowing before Gandhi’s picture and Widya Mandir Scheme. Muslims had seen the real face of Hindus who were very nice at the time of vote taking and worst after the establishment of their rule in 1937. That is why Jinnah rejected Gandhi’s proposal of cooperation.            ...

  Creation of Bangladesh in 1971 Q. Why was East Pakistan separated from West Pakistan in 1971? Political: The general election of 1970 saw the Awami League win a majority in East Pakistan. The League wanted a federal form of government, which would leave East Pakistan to control everything except defense and foreign policy. It wanted a separate currency and fiscal policy with its own taxation. It wanted to negotiate its own trade agreements with other countries and have its own armed forces. In effect they wanted separation from Pakistan, which was becoming more evident due to the perceived differences between the two. Political parties who emerged in both parts believed in regionalism rather than national sovereignty.   However Ayub Khan rejected the demands of the Six Points of the Awami League. Its leader Mujib-ur Rehman was imprisoned. This caused further discontent and separation began to look inevitable. Economic: East Pakistan was a long way from the western half a...

  Kashmir Issue and Pakistan Q. Explain why do Pakistan claim Kashmir as the part of Pakistan?      Kashmir is the valley where 87% Muslim Population is living. At the time of establishment of Pakistan Kashmiries wanted to be the part of Pakistan. British left Kashmir undecided and the Raja who was a Sikh person named Raja Hari Singh signed agreement with Indian government to take Rs. 75 lac. When Kashmiries came to know about this they fought a war against their Raja and Indian government liberating some part of Kashmir which is known as Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK). Rest of the Kashmiries still working for their freedom movement against oppressive Indian government.   Pakistan government kept up pressure on India in United Nations to liberate Kashmiries giving them the right to decide about their fate. Pakistan is constantly demanding a UN supervised plebiscite in Kashmir but India is not ready for this. All three wars between two countries are fough...

  Independence  Act 1947 and Radcliffe Award 1947  Q. How did Radcliffe Award and Independence Act 1947 help Muslims to establish Independence of subcontinent?         Muslims celebrated 'Direct Action Day' in 1946 to convince the government that when British pull out from India Muslims would have to suffer due to overwhelming and unfair Hindu majority. In many places of India Muslims showed peaceful solidarity with this idea but in Calcutta Congress planted heavy shooting. In result 4000 Muslims were killed. This event was declared as ' Great Calcutta Killing' and proved that Muslims and Hindus could not live peacefully together. Finally a plan of transfer of power was announced by Viceroy Mountbatten in February 1947.         Riots and killings between Muslims and Hindus were at its peak. On 15th July 1947 an act was passed by the British government that British would leave India giving the country in the han...

   Cabinet Mission Plan 1946  Q. Explain why was cabinet Mission sent to India and how it helped in Independence.         British had won the second  World War in 1945 but their hold on the Sub-Continent was constantly reducing. They tried to achieve the cooperation of Indian politicians to help them rule the country but all in vain. Indians believed that if they were not going to cooperate with the British government British would have to leave India as their controlling resources had worn out during the second World War.  The belief of Indians proved correct when British declared in Cabinate Mission that they were going to divide India in to three parts like the   Hindu majority territories,   the western Muslim provinces and separate Bengal and Assam giving these under Indians   control locally. Center was to be ruled by Indian Union. It still did not mention that there would be separate Muslim country Pakis...

Congress Ministries 1937-1939  Q. Why was Congress rule hated?  A.  Congress rule was hated because Hindu Ministries were totally unfair adjust with Muslim community. Their cruel politics made the lives of Muslims miserable. It forced Muslims to think that Congress could never be friendly to Muslims of the subcontinent. Muslims hated Congress rule due to  Warda Scheme. This scheme forced Muslim students to convert to Hinduism, bowing before Gandhi's picture and Band-e-Matra was compulsory to sing. In schools and colleges Hinduism and Hindu language became the part of syllabus, Hindu ideology was supported. Islamiat and Muslim history was eliminated from courses. Muslims felt that Hindus were developing Hinduism based syllabus. Muslims realised that they had done wrong by voting for Congress related leaders.                   Another reason for the hate was  Vidya Mandir scheme which planned to abolish the Masjids and ...

  Quaid I Azam Fourteen Points 1929  Q. Why did Jinnah give his fourteen points in 1929?       In 1929 Muslim League leaders met at Delhi and M.A. Jinnah presented his fourteen points. These points were not only for the demands of Muslims but in general presented such general rules which could protect all the communities of India. These points were presented as an answer to the Nehru Report which was a biased report against Muslims. It appeared now that Hindu Muslim cooperation was going to end. Jinnah give his fourteen points as he wanted to voice the real demands of Muslims and for the making of such future laws which could satisfy Muslim community. in result of all parties conference Nehru report demanded everything only in favor of Hindus and rejected all those demands which could help Muslims to get a respectable status. Nehru demanded joint electorate system, Hindi as national language, unitary form of govt, dominion status to give all authorit...

  Minto Morly 1909 and Montague Chalmsford Reforms 1919       British government started accepting that it was the time when Muslims and Hindus could be given some political representation because some educated Indians had learnt English and developed the sence of politics. Two sets of legal reforms were introduced known as Minto Morley reforms 1909 and some more rights for Indians as Montague Chalmsford Referms 1919.  These reforms not only provided political and social representation to the Indians but also decreased the distance between British government and Indians. Better understanding also started making the lives of Indians improved paving the path of Indian progress under British rule. Many Indian leaders became the helping hands for British government to rule the country comfortably.

   Simla Deputation 1905        Minto was sent to India in 1905 to take up the charge as the new Governor General of India. He had to face an assassination attempt from extremist Hindus who wanted to reverse partition of Bengal. Minto decided to develop improved relations with Muslim community as an alternative to Hindus.  On the other side Muslims had watched the reaction of Hindus and they were in dismay. Muslims young leaders who were mostly the students of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan decided to meet Minto in Simla for the demand of the political rights of Muslims. They presented the demands of seperate electorate system, one third seats in the law making council and quota in the high level government jobs for the Muslims of Sub-Continent.  Minto found it as an excellent chance to develop friendly relations on the basis of give and take. He promised that he would accept these demands in the upcoming reforms of the country. The promise prove...

  Urdu as the national language Q2 : Explain the importance of Urdu as the national language of Pakistan? A2: Urdu is important as it is considered as the symbol of Muslim heritage, glory of Muslim rule in the subcontinent, as a source of development of Muslim identity over the time and as a unifying force in the country. Urdu is used as a media language which connects the demand of media language and the law making. Same way communication of government orders is done through this language. It has an important source of understanding between the government and the public. All laws of the country are also written in Urdu so that the public can understand the laws clearly and follow them similarly. There are four provinces in the country with FATA and Northern Areas. Different languages and dialects are spoken at different parts of the country this similar language helps the public to understand each other by communication    and works as a unifying force for the nati...

  Languages of Pakistan Q1: The promotion of regional language in Pakistan between 1947–1999 has been more successful than the promotion of Urdu? Do you agree? Explain your answer? A1: Regional languages are specially taken care after the establishment of Pakistan as these were totally neglected during the last whole century. The promotion of Punjabi is seen in the establishment of Punjabi as an elective subject in the college and teaching the poetry of Sufis and romantic poetry to the new generation. Same way rest of the regional languages i.e. Pashto, Sindhi and Balochi are also declared the provincial languages and at college level the elective subject has been taken as the ancient Sufi ideas, romanticism and social issues to the next generation. Detailed research work is done about each regional language at the university level when it is declared at Masters degree level language. This has added a lot of research material, ideas, explanations and references in these languag...

  Pakistan India Relations      Pakistan and India Relations have never been smooth because of initial hostilities during 1947 and on wards. Many tragic memories of refugees problems, canal water dispute, unfair occupation of Kashmir by India, non provision of Pakistan's military and monetary assets, unfair decision of Punjab and Bengal etc. First war between India and Pakistan was fought in 1948 over the issue of Kashmir. In result of this war some part of Kashmir came to Pakistan which is known as Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK ) while most of the part of Kashmir including Sirinagar was unfairly occupied by India. Majority of Kashmiri population (87%) were Muslims and they wanted to be with Pakistan. In 1949, UN forces interfered in the area of Kashmir and declared a cease-fire line between liberated and occupied Kashmir. Since than Kashmiries are giving away their lives for their liberation but all in vain. In 1954_55 India tried to reoccupy and integrate Kas...

       Pakistan and China                       In 1947, China was locked in civil war between the nationalist government and communist rebels. The war ended with a victory of communists led by Mao Zedong. India enthusiastically recognized the new Government. It seemed that the India’s positive attitude combined with Pakistan’s acceptance of aid from non communist western power meant that China and Pakistan could not be good allies.                 However, in 1962 China went to war with India. The event soured the relations between India and China which pushed China and Pakistan into a closer understanding. In March they began talks to settle their own disputes. China was keen to win Pakistan’s friendship to counter declining relations with India and Soviet Union. In 1963, Pakistan and Chin...

     Pakistan and Afghanistan   Afghanistan which was under the influence of Russia and it had been unfriendly with Pakistan from the very beginning. Afghanistan was the only country which opposed Pakistan’s membership in the UNO (UNITED NATIONS ORGANISZATION) in 1947. The pakhtunistan issue was urged by USSR which had approval from some pathan leaders on the both sides. Afghanistan had no sea access being a landlocked country and it asked for transit facilities through Pakistan. Pakistan took assurance that it would be only possible if Afghanistan withdraw its stance over its Pakhtonistan claim. On this Afghanistan signed a transit agreement with USSR consequently allowing its influence there. It was disappointing when Afghanistan showed its hostility and voting against Pakistan entry to UNO in 1947. This factor had poisoned the relations between the two countries for a long time. Inspite of this Pakistan had been trying to establish the good relations. Iskander ...

  Pakistan relation with Bangladesh After the 1971 war and the creation of Bangladesh relation between the two countries remained strained. Pakistan saw Bangladesh as a rebel nation, who have been broken away from the West Pakistan and winning independence largely as a result of support from Pakistan’s bitter rival, India. During this civil war, there was fierce fighting in East Pakistan which left a legacy of distrust and anger between the two countries. After separation there was the problem of reallocating of assets that had been shared the same way that had been with India in 1947. Bangladesh claimed that it had the right to many of the assets of West Pakistan. There was a problem of people in both countries who wished to settle in the other country. By stages, Pakistan established better relations with Bangladesh. In 1974, Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Seikh Mujib was invited to a meeting of the Organization of Islamic countries (OIC) in Lahore. This was highly important p...

  Pakistan and Gulf States Pakistan shared a religious and cultural heritage with Gulf States. With large revenues from oil sales, the Muslim states of the Gulf were able to finance industrial development in Pakistan. Libya, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates all invested heavily in boosting the Pakistani economy in areas such as oil refining, shipping and banking. Saudi Arabia was the first country who considered Pakistan as an independent country and sent aids and also invested in Pakistani Industry. It also sent funds to help Afghan rebels and refugees. It is estimated that Pakistan's second largest source of foreign exchange in the early 1980’s aid was the money remitted by the three million of the Pakistani workers in the middle east. The friendship with other Islamic nations also provided Pakistan with the opportunity to exports its military expertise. Pakistan provided military expertise for many gulf states and had 50,000 military personnel operating in other countries....

  Partition of East Pakistan (Reasons) Q. Explain about the reasons of separation of East and West Pakistan. Which one was most important reason? A. East Pakistan was much smaller than West Pakistan but it had a larger population. Although religion united the two Wings, there were many economic, social and language issues that divided them and kept them apart. East Pakistani’s spoke Bengali but Urdu was chosen as the national language. They protested that Urdu being the mother language of only 6% of the whole of Pakistan was made national language. A ‘state language day’ in 1952 resulted in Bengali being recognized as one of the official languages of Pakistan in 1956. It was a big hurdle in treating solidarity and unity in the Pakistani nation. Even the cultures and traditions of East Pakistan were also different from West Pakistan which lead to separation of Pakistan. They also complained about less representation of East Pakistan in the National Assembly. With a larger popu...

  The Kashmir issue Q: Explain about the issue of Kashmir between India and Pakistan. Do you think 1965 war was due to Kashmir issue? Ans: Kashmir has been the subject of conflict between India and Pakistan since their very creation in 1947. The Red Cliff award announced in 1947 awarded Gurdaspur to India which had a direct border with Kashmir making future conflicts inevitable. As per Kashmir itself it was a princely state ruled by a Hindu Maharaja. At first he insisted in remaining independent but was pressured to join either Pakistan or India. Being a Muslim majority state and contagious to Pakistan, Kashmir was expected to accede with Pakistan but the Hindu ruler instead decided to join India against the wish of his people. A dispute arose between India and Pakistan as a result, as Pakistan believed Kashmir rightfully belonged to her and not India. Hindus and Sikhs in Kashmir started oppressing the supporters of Pakistan. Consequently tribal forces started entering Kashmi...

  Pakistan and the Soviet Union By 1950 The Soviet union was closely backing India over Kashmir, and not maintaining a Neutral stance as it had been doing immediately after partition. When Pakistan joined SEATO and CENTO in the mid-1950s the Soviet Union took this as a firm declaration in favor of the USA. The Soviet Union told the Pakistan government that it was allowing itself to be used as a base for American imperialism. In 1955 the Soviet union officially backed India in Kashmir and Soviet leaders visited India, in the same year the Soviet Union, also begin to press Pakistan over the Afghan   claims in ‘Pakhtoonistan. However the Soviet Union also made it clear that it wanted to have good relations with Pakistan. In May 1950 relations reached a low point when a spy plane from US base in Peshawar was shot down over the Soviet Union. As relations with the USA deteriorated in the 1960s and 1970s so there was improvement in those between Pakistan and the Soviet Union. I...

Reasons of Failure of War of Independence 1857 Q. Why did Indians remain unsuccessful in the War of Independence 1857? A. The attempt to overthrow the EIC rule and expel them from India was unsuccessful due to many reasons. Indians were not well coordinated while British EIC army was well equipped and disciplined as well as well coordinated. There was no single aim to win the war and even no leader to keep everyone intact. In different groups fought for different reasons. India was too divided with no sense of patriotism. The Punjab and Sindh were conquered by British officers.In result, when the sepoys rebelled against the British, Punjab at the time of war did not support Indians at all. Indian princes were interested only restoring their own feudal powers. Muslims had only real unity force that was Islam. Muslims wanted to restore the Muslim government in the country. British took over the government and wanted to continue their rule. These reasons may explain well why the...

  Pakistan and Iran   Relations between Iran and Pakistan have been consistently good since Pakistan’s Independence. Iran encouraged Pakistan to develop its interest in the international community. Hence, they both joined the Central Asia Treaty Organization [CENTO] in September and November 1955.  On 21 July 1964 Turkey, Pakistan and Iran set up the Regional Co-operation for Development [RCD]. This encouraged to develop closer trade links and to help each other with industrial projects. Iran also tried to persuade other countries to send aid to Pakistan during the 1965 war against India but was unsuccessful. Despite this, Pakistan appreciated this effort. Iran did send help to the Pakistan government in order to put down an uprising in Balochistan in 1973. In 1979, when there was an Islamic revolution in Iran and the Shah was overthrown, Pakistan was one of the first countries to officially recognize and support the new government, though this deteriorated/degenera...

  Round Table Conferences 1930-1932 (Reasons) Q: Why were RTC held? Ans: British government held the RTC to understand the real demands of Indian politicians. As Simon Commission was sent in 1927 Indians rejected it totally and there was no way to communicate and bring Indians at a point where all demands could be discussed, and some middle way could be decided or the making of new constitution for Sub-continent. Mutually accepted constitution could bring peace in the Sub-continent and the stability of British rule too. That is why RTC was arranged. Fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam were presented by the Muslim community and most likely acceptable for the British government too but Hindus were against it. On the other hand, Nehru report opposite to Quaid’s points was acceptable for Hindus but was rejected by Muslims. In this situation it was compulsory for the success of the future constitution that such laws could be decided which could be implemented in India and were accep...

  Aurangzeb’s politics and Mughal rule   Q: How did Aurangzeb take control of the Empire as a ruler? Also write about the impact of his policies on the stability of the Mughal Empire. A: In 1657 AD Shah Jahan fell ill, he had four sons so it was the serious problem of succession as all the sons were of mature age ruling large an important part of kingdom and had large armies. When they saw that Shah Jahan was dying they begin to fight for the position of the ruler. Two of them were having luck that they may be the next ruler. Another son Dora Shikhoh would be the Emperor's choice because he was the eldest son but in 1658 Aurangzeb and Murad defeated Dora.When Shah Jahan recovered and ordered his son to not to march on Agra, Aurangzeb said that his father had Lost control so he imprisoned his father and became to ruler. We had all his three brothers killed and established himself as the emperor. In this manner Aurangzeb took control of the Empire. Aurangzeb’s 48 years r...