Facts of Pakistan by Syeda Taqdees Abbas

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Afghan Miracle

February 22, 2026

Q: Explain about Afghan Miracle? Ans: The soviet Afghan war of 1979 had an immediate impact on the international relations of Pakistan. Now Zia was a leader of a Muslim nation of the front line against the communal forces of oppression. The west provided Pakistan with unconditional economic and military support to establish Pakistan as the base of anti-soviet activities. These lead huge sums of money being powered into Pakistan to pay for the rehabilitation of refugees and to develop Pakistan army. As a result, Zia was able to build up an effective military force with Karachi as the best naval base in the region. Pakistan was also able to sell military assistance to other Muslim countries. The influx of funds allowed Zia to undertake a degree of economic reforms. He denationalized many companies and the few that remained nationalized were made more effective. Laws were passed in favor of investors and the annual growth in the G...

Islamization by Zia ul Haq

February 22, 2026

Q. Explain about the Islamization program of General Zia-ul-Haq during 1977 to 1988. Ans. General Zia-ul-Haq’s Islamization (1977–1988) was a state-driven policy to enforce strict Islamic laws, aiming to transform Pakistan into an ideological Islamic state. It introduced the Hudood Ordinances, Sharia courts, Zakat and Ushr taxes, and interest-free banking to align the legal, social, and economic systems with Sharia, while consolidating his authoritarian military rule. Legal reforms were introduced under Hadood ordinance 1979 introducing punishments like whipping, amputation, and stoning for crimes such as drinking, adultery and theft. The Federal Shariat Court was established to review laws for consistency with Islamic principles. Economic laws were the Introduction of mandatory 2.5% annual Zakat deductions from bank accounts and Ushr taxes on agricultural produce. The banking system was modified to replace interest with profit-and-loss sharing. Social & Educational Changes we...

Zia ul Haq martial law Imposed

February 20, 2026

Notes Zia ul haq General Zia-ul-Haq imposed martial law in Pakistan on July 5, 1977, termed "Operation Fair Play," primarily due to intense political instability, violent protests, and a deadlock between the PPP and PNA opposition following the disputed 1977 elections. The military cited a "grave national crisis," a breakdown of law and order, and the need to prevent further chaos as justifications for removing Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Political Crisis and Disputed Elections: The March 1977 general elections were vehemently rejected by the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) opposition, leading to massive protests, riots, and a total failure of negotiations between the government and opposition caused so much unrest that army had to take up the control. Failure of Political Leadership: The ruling Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and PNA were unable to reach a compromise, raising fears of severe civil disorder or a potential civil war. Breakdown of Law and Ord...

Reason of end of Ayub Khans era

January 30, 2026

Q. Explain the reasons of end of Ayub Khan 's era in 1969. Ans. The end of Field Marshal Ayub Khan’s era in March 1969 resulted from intense popular, political, and economic pressure, driven by the 1965 war, severe income inequality, and widespread protests against his authoritarian "Basic Democracies" system. A mass movement, led by student, laborer, and political opposition, forced his resignation. Pakistan Review +5 Key reasons for the downfall of Ayub Khan's regime (1958–1969) included: Political Discontent and Authoritarianism: The 1965 presidential election, which Ayub won against Fatima Jinnah, was widely believed to be rigged, fueling massive public distrust. His "Basic Democracy" system, a, restrictive, indirect voting system, concentrated power in the hands of a few and excluded the general public, leading to widespread dissatisfaction. The 1965 Indo-Pak War: The inability to achieve military victory in the 1965 war and the subsequent Tashken...

Nationalization policy of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

January 30, 2026

Q. Explain about the nationalization policy of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. (7) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s nationalization policy (1972–1976) aimed to reduce economic inequality and curb the power of elite families by bringing major industries, banks, insurance companies, and educational institutions under government control. Under the "Nationalization and Economic Reforms Order" (NERO), key sectors like iron, steel, heavy engineering, petrochemicals, and cement were nationalized in stages, promoting a model of "Islamic Socialism" or Mussawat-e Muhammadi . While aiming for equitable wealth distribution, this policy led to decreased private sector investment, increased industrial inefficiency, and ultimately contributed to economic stagnation . Key aspects of Bhutto's nationalization policy included: Industrial Takeover (1972): On January 1, 1972, the government seized control of 31 major industrial units across 10 categories, including steel, heavy engineering, chemica...

Arrival of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

January 11, 2026

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Arrival) Q. Explain about the reasons why Z. A. Bhutto could become the prime Minister of Pakistan in 1971? Ans. Bhutto became in power in Dec. 1971. He had got overwhelming majority in the West Pakistan under the flag of Pakistan Peoples Party. This was the time when East Pakistan was separated, Yahya Khan had resigned and Bhutto was the prime Minister of the state of Pakistan with full authority. He decided to bring radical changes in the country and to fulfill the dream of Roti, Kapra & Makkan for every Pakistani. These promises made him enough popular in Pakistan to get a chance to become the prime minister. To bring social and economic changes and provided human rights for middle and lower class, Bhutto introduced some reforms like Industrial reforms, agricultural reforms, educational reforms, health and social reforms as well as administrative reforms. He adopted t...