Reason of end of Ayub Khans era

Q. Explain the reasons of end of Ayub Khan 's era in 1969.

Ans. The end of Field Marshal Ayub Khan’s era in March 1969 resulted from intense popular, political, and economic pressure, driven by the 1965 war, severe income inequality, and widespread protests against his authoritarian "Basic Democracies" system. A mass movement, led by student, laborer, and political opposition, forced his resignation. 

Key reasons for the downfall of Ayub Khan's regime (1958–1969) included:
  • Political Discontent and Authoritarianism: The 1965 presidential election, which Ayub won against Fatima Jinnah, was widely believed to be rigged, fueling massive public distrust. His "Basic Democracy" system, a, restrictive, indirect voting system, concentrated power in the hands of a few and excluded the general public, leading to widespread dissatisfaction.
  • The 1965 Indo-Pak War: The inability to achieve military victory in the 1965 war and the subsequent Tashkent Declaration seriously damaged his prestige and leadership image.
  • Economic Inequality and Inflation: Despite high reported GDP growth, economic gains were concentrated among 22 families, who controlled 80% of national wealth, causing severe income disparity. Rising prices and high inflation in the late 1960s severely affected the middle and lower classes, triggering mass protests.
  • Regional Disparities and Political Movements: Neglect of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) grew, leading to intense resentment, with the Awami League under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman gaining popularity. Simultaneously, in West Pakistan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto mobilized the public against the regime.
  • Mass Uprising (1968–1969): A widespread, nationwide, and sustained protest movement, involving students, lawyers, laborers, and political parties, effectively paralyzed the government.
  • Loss of Army Support: Facing immense, uncontrollable street protests, Ayub Khan lost the full backing of the military, leading him to hand over power to the army chief, General Yahya Khan, on March 25, 1969

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