Facts of Pakistan by Syeda Taqdees Abbas

Q. Explain the reasons of end of Ayub Khan 's era in 1969. Ans. The end of Field Marshal Ayub Khan’s era in March 1969 resulted from intense popular, political, and economic pressure, driven by the 1965 war, severe income inequality, and widespread protests against his authoritarian "Basic Democracies" system. A mass movement, led by student, laborer, and political opposition, forced his resignation.   Pakistan Review  +5 Key reasons for the downfall of Ayub Khan's regime (1958–1969) included: Political Discontent and Authoritarianism:  The 1965 presidential election, which Ayub won against Fatima Jinnah, was widely believed to be rigged, fueling massive public distrust. His "Basic Democracy" system, a, restrictive, indirect voting system, concentrated power in the hands of a few and excluded the general public, leading to widespread dissatisfaction. The 1965 Indo-Pak War:  The inability to achieve military victory in the 1965 war and the subsequent  Tashken...

 Q. Explain about the nationalization policy of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. (7) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s nationalization policy (1972–1976) aimed to reduce economic inequality and curb the power of elite families by bringing major industries, banks, insurance companies, and educational institutions under government control. Under the "Nationalization and Economic Reforms Order" (NERO), key sectors like iron, steel, heavy engineering, petrochemicals, and cement were nationalized in stages, promoting a model of "Islamic Socialism" or   Mussawat-e Muhammadi . While aiming for equitable wealth distribution, this policy led to decreased private sector investment, increased industrial inefficiency, and ultimately contributed to economic stagnation .   Key aspects of Bhutto's nationalization policy included: Industrial Takeover (1972):  On January 1, 1972, the government seized control of 31 major industrial units across 10 categories, including steel, heavy engineering, chemica...

 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Arrival) Q. Explain about the reasons why Z. A. Bhutto could become the prime Minister of Pakistan in 1971?  Ans.              Bhutto became in power in Dec. 1971. He had got overwhelming majority in the West Pakistan under the flag of Pakistan Peoples Party. This was the time when East Pakistan was separated, Yahya Khan had resigned and Bhutto was the prime Minister of the state of Pakistan with full authority. He decided to bring radical changes in the country and to fulfill the dream of Roti, Kapra & Makkan for every Pakistani. These promises made him enough popular in Pakistan to get a chance to become the prime minister.         To bring social and economic changes and provided human rights for middle and lower class, Bhutto introduced some reforms like Industrial reforms, agricultural reforms, educational reforms, health and social reforms as well as administrative reforms. He adopted t...