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Causes of decline of Mughal empire

 Q. Explain the reasons of decline of Mughal empire. Which one was the most important reason? A. There are multiple reasons of decline of Mughal empire like greed of money and power administrative weeknesses, military untrained, old weapons and fighting techniques, succession disputes, pleasure seeking, unchecked activities of foreign trading companies etc.  Administrative weeknesses caused the whole large empire to become the pray of rebellions, corruption and foreign attacks. Whenever there were any rebalious groups govt didn't handle and crush them immediately but sent it's forces so late that the damage was done up to that time and public started thinking that their rulers could not protect them. It created the lack of confidence and trust in public for theirs leaders. In such a mess public disliked to pay taxes and give moral and physical support to their Govts. 
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Upper and lower Indus Plains

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Indus plains

 Characteristics of Old Flood Plain -10-15m height  -3-5miles width  -flooded every 7/8 years -old alluvium Aka Bhangar (local)  -sub features  Natural Levees French word meaning “Raised”. Found near river banks. Made up of river material  deposited during flood season. Meanders  twisting and turning course of rivers. Usually found in middle and lower course of river. Oxbow lake crescent shaped lake. Formed by separation of loop from the main meandering course  of river. Braided channels Deposition of river material within the river channel shapes Bars/mounds. Dry channels come out from main river. Have water during flood season.  Abandoned channel Aka “Dhoros” (local). Remains of river channels/ dried out river channels( used for  inland fishing).  remains of ox-bow lakes dried out ox-bow lakes  Meander scars Dried out meandering course of river.  Piedmont Plain -Located on the foothills of mountains. Sub-feature is alluv...
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History Syllabus Contents

  Section 1  1. Decline of Mughal Rule 7 2. British Govt Replacing EIC 13 3. 1857 – war of Independence 23 4. Reformers 31 5. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 42 6. Languages 49 Section 2 (1900 - 1947) 7. Partition of Bengal 58 8. Foundation of Muslim League 65 9. Morley Minto Reforms 69 10. World war 1 71 11. Lucknow Pact 73 12. Mont – Ford Reforms 75 13. Khilafat Movement 82 14. Simon Commission 89 15. Nehru Report 92 16. Jinnah’s 14 Points 96 17. Round Table Conferences 99 18. Govt of India 1935 Act. 103 19. 1937 Elections 108 20. Indian National Congress Rule 110 21. Allama Iqbal & Ch. Rehmat Ali 116 22. Pakistan / Lahore Resolution 121 23. WW2 124 24. Quit India Movement 126 25. Gandhi, Jinnah Talks 128 26. Simla Conference 131 27. 1945 Elections 136 28. Cabinet Mission Plan 138 Section 3 (1947 - 1999) 29. Problems of Partition 145 30. Kh Nazam ud Din, M G M, Iskandar Mirza 153 31. Ayub Khan 162 32. Separation of E-Pakistan 171 33. Z.A Bhutto 178 34. Zia – ul – Haq 188 35. Benazir...
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Pakistan and Iran Relations

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Pakistan and Turkey Relations

  Relations   Before Pakistan • Positive response of Indian Muslims regarding Turkey's disputes with Russia and the Balkans in the 1800's. • Pakistan and Turkey have a sentimental brotherhood based on their past history, in context of the Khilafat Movement. • They have since remained on friendly terms in the times of war and peace. DIPLOMATIC Relations • Both countries developed diplomatic ties in 1947. • Turkey quickly recognized Pakistan as a country after its creation and supported it in successfully becoming a UN member. • In 1948, Pakistan introduced 'rupee' as its currency and it was Turkey who printed this currency in the initial years. • Pakistan has its embassy in Ankara and Generals in Istanbul and Izmir. • Turkey has its embassy in Islamabad and Generals in most significant cities. • Declaration made by both countries to agree to walk a path of cooperation in political, economic and cultural departments. • Turkey has always shown great interest as well as sup...
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Pakistan and Arab World Relations

 Pakistan and Arab world Relations  Contents           S au d i Ar a b i a,     U A E,  L i bya & Egypt Pakistan and Saudi Arabia: ● Saudi Arabia was among the first countries to recognizePakistan as an independent country. ● As it grew richer it sent aid to Pakistan and invested in Pakistan industries. ● After the soviet wars in Afghanistan, it sent funds to help Afghan rebels and refugees ● Saudi Arabia and Pakistan are both leading members of the organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). ● Saudi Arabia is one of the strongest supporters of Pakistan during Pakistan's wars with India, especially in the creation of Bangladesh from Pakistan's eastern wing in 1971 During the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf War, Pakistan sent troops to protect the Islamic holy sites in Saudi Arabia. ● Strains developed when some Pakistani politicians openly expressed support for Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq and its invasion of Kuwait. ● Along with the U...
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O Level Bussines Studies Marking Key Paper 1 Marking key

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O Level Bussines Studies Paper 1

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How to Attempt O Level Paper PAKISTAN STUDIES Paper 2 (The Environment of Pakistan )

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 PAKISTAN STUDIES 2059/02 and 0448/2 Paper 2 The Environment of Pakistan Time: 1 he 30 mins and Marks: 90 Note: Each question is of 25 marks and when there are 90 mins it means students can spend 30 mins for each 25 marks Question. INSTRUCTIONS ● Answer any three questions. ● Use a black or dark blue pen.  ● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page. ● Write your answer to each question in the space provided. ● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid. ● Do not write on any bar codes. ● If additional space is needed, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet; the question number or numbers must be clearly shown. INFORMATION ● The total mark for this paper is 75. ● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ]. ● The insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions. Q 1  (a) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of Pakistan.   It showed an outline map of Pakistan. Fi...
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